The
Popcorn Economy
Once
upon a time, attending the local movie theater was an experience
that most Americans shared on a regular basis. For example,
in 1929, the year of the first Academy Awards, an average
of ninety-five million people--about four-fifths of the
ambulatory population--went to
movies every week. There were more than twenty-three thousand
theater, many of palatial size, like the six-thousand-two-hundred-seat
Roxy in New York. In those days, the major studios made
virtually all the movies that people saw (over seven hundred
feature films in 1929). The
stars, directors, writers, and other talent were under exclusive
contract, and, in addition, the studios owned the theatrical
circuits where first-run movies played. This regime, which
allowed the major studios to exert total control over movies,
from script to screen, came to be known, and
feared, as "the studio system"; it more or less
ended in 1950, when the United States Supreme Court upheld
antitrust decrees ordering several of the major Hollywood
studios to divest themselves of their theater chains.
Today, in a world with television, video, the Internet,
and other home diversions, weekly average movie attendance
is about thirty million, or slightly less than ten per cent
of the population. As a
result of this diminishment, many larger theater either
closed or divided themselves into smaller auditoriums under
one roof. (There are only a third as many theater sites
today as there were in
1929, but there are more screens--over thirty thousand.)
These multiplexes afforded theater owners significant economies
of scale. They could also show a greater variety of films,
tailored
to different, if smaller, audiences. And as smaller theater
closed the chains expanded; today, the fifteen largest North
American chains own approximately two-thirds of all the
screens. These
large chains, and their centralized film bookers, are the
principal gatekeepers for the American film industry. They
are responsible for determining what movies most Americans
see.
When I set out to write The Big Picture in 1998, one of
my first priorities was to find out that the economic and
other considerations that influence movie theater owners
to show Hollywood’
movies. Then, as now, only a handful of nation-wide multiplex
chains accounted for more than 80 percent of the Hollywood’s
share of the American box office, and a large share of these
bookings are done at Sho West, the annual event in Las Vegas
in which movie distribution and
exhibition executives meet over four days to discuss plans
for releasing and marketing upcoming films. So I contacted.
Thomas W. Stephenson, Jr., who then headed one of these
major chains,
Hollywood Theater, and arranged to accompany him to Stephenson
as part of my reportage for the New Yorker on Hollywood.
Stephenson was willing to let me tag along to meetings in
Las
Vegas on the condition that I not directly quote or identify
those with whom he met. As part of the deal, he agreed to
a Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell protocol in which, unless
they specifically asked he would not to identify me as a
journalist to the other participants at these meetings with
bankers and studio executives.
On the way to Las Vegas, Stephenson, an energetic, peppery-haired
man in his early forties, gave me a quick course in the
economics of his business. Of the fifty million dollars
customers paid
for tickets in 1997, he said his 450-screen chain, Hollywood
Theater kept only twenty-three million; most of the rest
went to the distributors. But, he continued, since it cost
$31.2 million to pay the operating costs of the theater,
his company would have lost $8.2 million if it were limited
to the movie-exhibition business. Like all theater owners,
though, he has a second business:
snack foods, in which the profit margin is well over eighty
per cent. And with the snack foods, Hollywood Theater made
a profit of $22.4 million on the sale of $26.7 million from
its concession stands. "Every element in the lobby,"
Stephenson told me, is designed to focus the attention of
the customer on its menu boards."
When we arrived, he decided to skip the reception hosted
by independent distributors. "I personally enjoy watching
many of the low- budget films that come from independents,"
he said, "but they are not a significant part of our
business." In fact, according to Stephenson, ninety-eight
per cent of the admission revenues of his theater in 1997
came from principal Hollywood studios----Sony, Disney, Fox,
Universal, Paramount, and Warner Bros. These companies supplied
his multiplexes not only with films but with the essential
marketing campaigns that accompany them. (Occasionally,
to be sure, independent films do succeed in winning a mass
audience, as, for example, --The Full Monty-- did; but,
as Stephenson put it, "We don't count on them.")
The organization of the marketing campaigns begins months
before the release date, use the most sophisticated methods
available to target demographic groups, and intensify their
activity in the
final week, often with saturation television advertising,
in order to capture "impulse" moviegoers.
Stephenson and other theater owners rely on them to muster,
if not to create, the audience for a film's crucial opening
weekend. The campaigns require massive resources. The major
studios spent, on average, $19.2 million in 1997 to advertise
each of their films, a sum that would be
considerably higher if it included the advertising provided
by fast-food restaurants, toy companies, and other retailers
in promotional tie-in arrangements that can amount to many
times what the studio itself budgets. Rather than attend
the large reception, therefore, on our first night we dined
with the representative of Coca-Cola, a company that exclusively
"pours" the soft
drinks in over seventy per cent of American movie theater,
including Stephenson's. Soft drinks are an important part
of the movie business. All the seats in Stephenson's new
theater, and most
other multiplexes, are now equipped with their own cup holders,
a feature that theater executives
consider one of the most ground-breaking innovations in
movie-theater history. With cup
holders, customers can not only handle drinks more easily
in combination with other snacks but can store their drinks
while returning to the concession stand for more food. Hollywood
Theaters,
which now offers an oversized plastic cup with unlimited
refills, sold slightly in excess of eleven million dollars--
worth of Coca-Cola products in 1997, of which well over
eight million was profit.
Although most of ShoWest's official functions take place
in convention halls and hospitality suites at Bally's Hotel,,
much unofficial business was done in its sprawling coffee
shop. It was
there early the next morning, that I joined Stephenson for
a breakfast meeting with an analyst from J. C. Bradford
& Co., an investment firm. Acquisitions were in the
air; Kohlberg Kravis Roberts had just bought and consolidated
two of the largest theater chains. Stephenson, as he
made clear at the outset, planned to partake in this industry
consolidation by acquiring state-ofthe- art multiplexes.
Since he planned to finance this aggressive expansion by
selling part of the
his company to public or private investors, he needed the
services of investment bankers who, in turn, needed a --story,--
or convincing rationale, to raise the money. Stephenson's
story centered on stadium seating, in which every row of
seats is elevated about fourteen inches above the row preceding
it, allowing all customers to have an unimpeded view of
the screen. While the seats take up more space, Stephenson
said, "Our focus groups show that people now seek out
theater with stadium seating and will drive as far as twenty
miles to find one that has it." Attendance increased
between thirty and fifty-two per cent where he had installed
such seating. Stephenson would repeat this story to four
other investment bankers at similar kaffeeklatsches over
the next two days.m A little later, Stephenson moved to
a different table to meet with two of the top executives
of another major chain. He had told me beforehand that he
wanted to buy five of their multiplexes
and sell them an equivalent number in different locations,
or "zones." In the movie business, the country
is divided into zones which contain anywhere from a few
thousand to a few hundred
thousand people; the major distributors license their films
to only one theater owner in each zone.
Just over two-thirds of Stephenson's theater are in such
exclusive zones, and he wanted to increase this number.
These talks ended inconclusively, and in the late morning
I accompanied Stephenson to the convention hall, where we
took assigned seats in the grandstands. Stephenson, along
with thirtysix
hundred other attendees, was there to see the first major
studio presentation, Sony's --product reel. Sony's top executives
sat on a dais, as if addressing a shareholders' meeting.
Jeff Blake, the president of Sony's distribution arm, said
that last year Sony films had brought a new record
gross into American theaters: $1.2billion. Indeed, Sony
accounted for nearly one out of every four dollars spent
on movie tickets in 1997.
Vanna White, the television personality then conducted a
mock "Wheel of Fortune" game in which every clue
referred to films coming from Sony this year, including
Godzilla. As Vanna White announced each title, actors from
the film in question rushed onto the stage----among
them such stars as Michelle Pfeiffer, Julia Roberts, Nicolas
Cage, and Antonio Banderas. All of this was followed by
excerpts from the films. A highlight of sorts came when
the stage suddenly
filled with dancers costumed as characters from Sony's movies.
Robert Goulet played the part of Jeff Blake and sang, to
the tune of "The Impossible Dream":
This is our quest, To be king of the box--There'll be lines
round the block
When that big hunk Godzilla is finally here
And you'll know what we've done for you lately
When we beat the unbeatable year.
A private meeting held after ward, in Sony's Las Vegas conference
room, was far more grounded in reality. A top Sony executive
immediately set the tone by observing that the presentation
had
cost Sony four million dollars (a gross exaggeration, it
turned out) and then quipped that next year, instead of
hosting the event, Sony would just send a ten-thousand-dollar
check to each of
the chains' film buyers.
It became apparent at this meeting that the negotiations
did not concern whether a chain would show Sony films on
their prescribed release dates that was taken for granted.
At issue was the terms under which they were to be played
and positioned against the films of competing
distributors--for instance, the number of screens they would
be shown on in a multiplex, the guaranteed length of each
film's run, the amount of free advertising there would be
in the form of
trailers and lobby displays, and the division of the box-office
receipts.
For example, regarding Godzilla, the executive outlined
the enormous marketing campaign, supported by worldwide
licensees of three thousand "Godzilla" products,
as well as promotional
tie-ins with such retail partners as Taco Bell, Sprint,
Swatch, Hershey's, Duracell, Kirin beer, and Kodak, which
were designed to drive a huge and voracious audience of
teen-age boys to their
theaters. This particular audience, as he described it,
was not concerned with the quality of the film, or even
whether it was in focus, as long as there was action and
popcorn. He joked that the theaters' potential popcorn sales
should persuade them to agree to give Sony a larger openingweek
cut. Joke or not, the implication was not lost on Stephenson's
film buyer, although for the
moment he successfully resisted Sony's suggestion. (As it
turned out, the "Godzilla" campaign succeeded
in "driving" people to pay seventy-four million
dollars to see the poorly reviewed lizard in its opening,
Memorial Day weekend.)
The next private meeting, in the hospitality suite of Twentieth
Century Fox, was more relaxed. After offering Stephenson
a soft drink, the Fox executive discussed the strategy for
the summer
season, which provides the largest audience for theaters.
Indeed, of the nearly 1.4 billion tickets sold in 1997,
some five hundred million were for the summer season, when,
as the Fox executive
put it, "Every day is a school holiday." (Another
two hundred and thirty million were sold in the so-called
holiday season, between Thanksgiving and New Year's.)
This summer, Fox was facing competition from a number of
catastrophe films, such as Godzilla, Deep Impact, and Armageddon,
which early tracking polls showed were attracting the attention
of large numbers of male teens. These polls I saw, which
were conducted by the National Research Group, had divided
respondents into five demographic "quadrants"--under
twenty-five, over twenty-five, male, female, and a racial
category--and asked about their awareness of, and interest
in, upcoming films. On the basis of these data, along with
other research supplied by the
company, the major studios can avoid simultaneously competing
in the same demographic categories and dividing up their
opening-weekend audiences. Even in March, the Fox executive
reckoned that competitors' films, particularly Godzilla
and Armageddon, would dominate two crucial quadrants--male
and under twenty-five--in the early summer. He therefore
opted to
counter-program, which meant scheduling romantic comedies,
that would appeal to the female and over-twenty-five quadrants.
Although the Fox people had an easier style than their Sony
counterparts, they wanted the same limited commodity: the
chain's better screens, play dates, and in- theater advertising.
So did the
four other distributors Stephenson met with during Sho West.
By his count, in four days he watched brief excerpts from
some fifty films. "They all tend to blur together,"
he said, and plots were never described. Instead, the accompanying
pitches identified them in such jargon as
"Clearasil" (coming-of-age), "genre"
(teen-age horror), "romantic comedy" (love story),
"ethnic" (black characters), "franchise"
(the carbon-copy sequel of another film), and "catastrophe"
(volcano, comet/asteroid/monster, loud sound effects). The
Holy Grail was a film like Titanic, which appealed to all
five quadrants.
The last and longest meeting was with Disney's distribution
arm, Buena Vista; its senior executives were eager to spend
an hour or so discussing marketing plans with Stephenson.
While they voiced some concern about the proximity of July's
Armageddon, in which the earth is on a
fatal collision path with an asteroid, with Paramount and
DreamWorks' "Deep Impact," in which the world
is on a fatal collision path with a comet, they had an ingenious
scheme for differentiating their product. Holding up a rectangular
box, their executives explained that it
contained a kit that would help theater managers to build
a mock asteroid. Disney planned to distribute this package
to theaters playing "Armageddon" and award prizes
to theater managers who used it to create the most forbidding
cosmic rock. The theme would then be amplified
through such stunts as end-of-the world parties hosted by
local disc jockeys.
Later, Stephenson, along with several of his top executives,
toured the trade-show pavilions located in two giant tents
behind Bally's, where delegates to ShoWest were somewhat
greedily sampling popcorn, jelly beans, chocolates, licorice,
frankfurters, nachos, and other snacks, many
of which claimed innovative new flavors and aromas. Others
were getting a look at the nonconsumable products at the
booths, such as loudspeakers, projectors, ticket rolls,
cleaning equipment, marquee letters, plastic cups, and remote
ticketing systems.
As we walked around, one of Stephenson stopped to try an
oversized Wetzel's pretzel. According to the pretzel company’s
representative, the Wetzel's, though about three hundred
calories, would appeal to diet-conscious non-popcorn-eaters,
such as women who wait on the concession line with their
boyfriends. At this point, one of Stephenson’s ’s
top executives, who
was assessing different popcorn-topping oil, said to me
in a hushed tone that “The real secret is the salt.”
As a veteran of the movie exhibition business, he explained
that the more salt that a movie theater added to the butter
it poured over its popcorn, the more money it made since
it
droves customers back to the concession stand for drinks--where
they buy more popcorn. Stephenson concurred, adding "We
are in a very high-margin retail business."
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